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PureLab Research Library

Every compound, mapped to the research.

74 peptides and research compounds, organized by where they have been studied in preclinical models. Each page separates human, animal and lab evidence and links every claim to its source.

Canine & Comparative Research12 published studies in dogs across 9 compoundsView →

All research areas · 74 compounds

ARA-290 (Cibinetide)Research compoundIn stockARA-290 (cibinetide) is a synthetic peptide modeled on the three-dimensional structure of erythropoietin, designed not to stimulate red blood cell production. Research consists of small phase 2 human studies and a modest body of rodent and cell work.Small phase 2 human studies plus rodent and cell work BPC-157Research compoundIn stockBPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a sequence in a human gastric juice protein. Research consists almost entirely of rodent and cell studies, with very limited human data [1][2].Mostly rodent and cell studies Follistatin-344Research compoundFollistatin-344 is the 344-amino-acid precursor form of human follistatin, a natural glycoprotein that binds myostatin and activins. Nearly all published research delivers it as a gene (AAV vector) rather than as a peptide, in mice, monkeys and one small human trial.Gene-delivery studies in mice and monkeys; one small human trial GLOW (BPC-157 / TB-500 / GHK-Cu)Research blendIn stockA research blend combining BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu in one product. Each component has been studied on its own; this page links to each component's research and does not summarize studies of the combination.Component-level research only KLOW (KPV / GHK-Cu / BPC-157 / TB-500)Research blendIn stockA research blend combining KPV, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 in one product. Each component has been studied on its own; this page links to each component's research and does not summarize studies of the combination.Component-level research only KPVResearch compoundIn stockKPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a tripeptide corresponding to the C-terminal end of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH 11-13). Research consists of mouse colitis models, cell studies and nanoparticle-delivery work; no human trials were identified.Rodent and cell studies only Mechano growth factor (MGF / PEG-MGF)Research compoundIn stockMechano growth factor (MGF, IGF-1Ec) is a splice variant of the IGF-1 gene; research peptides are synthetic versions of its C-terminal E-domain, and PEG-MGF is a PEGylated form. Published work covers cell, rodent and rabbit studies of the E-peptide; no peer-reviewed studies of PEG-MGF itself were verified.Cell and animal studies; small human expression studies TB-500Research compoundIn stockA synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) matching the actin-binding region of the natural protein thymosin beta-4. Direct research on TB-500 itself is very limited; most published work concerns the full parent protein.Few direct studies; mostly parent-protein data Thymosin beta-4Research compoundA naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide and the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family in human cells. Research is mostly animal and cell work, with a small number of early human trials described in reviews.Mostly rodent and cell studies Wolverine Stack (BPC-157 / TB-500)Research blendIn stockA research blend combining BPC-157, TB-500 in one product. Each component has been studied on its own; this page links to each component's research and does not summarize studies of the combination.Component-level research only 5-Amino-1MQResearch compoundIn stockA small molecule (not a peptide) from the methylquinolinium family that blocks the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). Research is limited to a handful of mouse and cell studies from one academic group.Mouse and cell studies only AmycretinIn clinical trialsAn investigational single-molecule agonist of both the GLP-1 and amylin receptors, developed by Novo Nordisk in injectable and oral forms. Two phase 1 human trials were published in The Lancet in 2025, and phase 3 trials were planned to start in 2026.Peer-reviewed phase 1 and 1b/2a human data AOD-9604Research compoundIn stockA synthetic 16-amino-acid peptide based on the tail end (C-terminal region) of human growth hormone. It was studied in rodents around 2000 and in six human safety trials by an Australian developer; little new peer-reviewed work has appeared since.Rodent studies plus published human safety trials CagrilintideIn clinical trialsAn investigational long-acting, lipidated analog of the pancreatic hormone amylin, developed by Novo Nordisk. It has been studied in phase 2 and phase 3 human trials, alone and alongside semaglutide, and in mouse receptor studies.Peer-reviewed phase 2 and phase 3 human data CagriSemaIn clinical trialsAn investigational fixed combination of two peptides from Novo Nordisk: cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analog, and semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. It has been studied in several large phase 3 trials (the REDEFINE program).Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data DulaglutideFDA-approved drugA long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist made by fusing a modified GLP-1 analog to an antibody Fc fragment, developed by Eli Lilly and FDA-approved as a prescription drug. It has a large body of human trial data plus rodent and primate studies.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data EfpeglenatideIn clinical trialsAn investigational long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist made by linking an exendin-4 analog to an antibody (IgG4) Fc fragment, developed by Hanmi Pharmaceutical. It has been studied in phase 1 to phase 3 human trials, including a large cardiovascular outcomes trial published in 2021.Peer-reviewed phase 2 and phase 3 human data Fragment 176-191Research compoundA short synthetic peptide matching the tail end (C-terminal region) of human growth hormone. Published research is old and sparse: lab and rodent studies from the 1990s and early 2000s, mostly on the closely related modified fragment AOD9604.Older rodent and lab studies, mostly on a related analog LiraglutideFDA-approved drugA synthetic analog of the gut hormone GLP-1, developed by Novo Nordisk and FDA-approved as a prescription drug. It has a large body of human clinical-trial data and many rodent studies.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data MazdutideIn clinical trialsMazdutide is a synthetic once-weekly peptide that activates both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It has been studied in multiple phase 1 to phase 3 human trials, mostly in China, plus a small body of animal and tissue work.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data MOTS-cResearch compoundIn stockMOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, first described in 2015. Published research is mostly mouse and cell work, plus one early-phase human safety trial of a related analog.Mostly rodent and cell studies PemvidutideIn clinical trialsAn investigational GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist peptide developed by Altimmune. It has published phase 2 human trials and mouse studies.Peer-reviewed phase 2 human data PetrelintideIn clinical trialsAn investigational long-acting analog of the pancreatic hormone amylin, developed by Zealand Pharma with Roche. Human data so far come from phase 1 and phase 2 trials reported at conferences and in company releases; rat data come from conference posters.Phase 1-2 human trials, conference-reported; rat posters RetatrutideIn clinical trialsIn stockAn investigational single peptide that activates three hormone receptors at once: GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon. It has been investigated in five reported phase 3 trials and in multiple rodent models.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data SemaglutideFDA-approved drugA long-acting synthetic analog of the gut hormone GLP-1. It is one of the most extensively studied peptides, with large published phase 3 human trials and many rodent studies.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data SurvodutideIn clinical trialsSurvodutide is a synthetic, fatty-acid-modified peptide that activates both the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors and is designed for once-weekly dosing. It has peer-reviewed phase 2 and phase 3 human trial publications plus mouse pharmacology studies.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data TirzepatideFDA-approved drugIn stockA synthetic peptide that activates two incretin hormone receptors, GIP and GLP-1, in one molecule. It has a large body of published phase 3 human trials and a growing set of rodent and cell studies.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data CJC-1295Research compoundIn stockCJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29). The published studies cover the 'with DAC' version, which binds albumin to extend its half-life; the 'no DAC' form (Mod GRF 1-29) has little dedicated peer-reviewed research. Data consist of early human pharmacology studies and rat work.Small early human pharmacology studies (DAC form)CJC-1295 + IpamorelinResearch blendIn stockA research blend combining CJC-1295, Ipamorelin in one product. Each component has been studied on its own; this page links to each component's research and does not summarize studies of the combination.Component-level research only GHRP-2Research compoundGHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that acts on the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Research consists mainly of older hormone-release, rodent, cell and livestock studies.Mostly rodent, cell and livestock studies GHRP-6Research compoundGHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor agonist that also binds the CD36 receptor. Research consists of rodent, pig and hamster studies, including a 2024 rat study.Rodent, pig and hamster studies HexarelinResearch compoundHexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, developed as an analog of GHRP-6. Research consists mainly of older hormone-release studies plus a smaller body of rodent and cell work.Mostly rodent and cell studies IGF-1 DESResearch compoundIGF-1 DES, or des(1-3)IGF-I, is a naturally occurring truncated form of insulin-like growth factor I lacking its first three amino acids. Research consists of older rodent, pig-cell and transgenic-mouse studies, mostly from the 1990s.Older rodent and cell studies IGF-1 LR3Research compoundIGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-I) is an engineered analog of human insulin-like growth factor I with an arginine at position 3 and an N-terminal extension, designed to bind IGF-binding proteins poorly. Research consists of rat and guinea pig studies, mostly from the 1990s and 2000s.Older rat and guinea pig studies IpamorelinResearch compoundIn stockIpamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide (Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) that activates the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) and was described in 1998 as a selective growth hormone secretagogue. Research includes rat, swine and cell studies and one published phase 2 trial.Animal and cell studies; one phase 2 human trial MK-677 (Ibutamoren)Research compoundIbutamoren (MK-677) is a small-molecule, non-peptide compound that mimics the hormone ghrelin at its receptor and was investigated for its effect on growth hormone release. Research includes a handful of randomized human trials, mostly from the 1990s to 2010s, plus rodent studies.Older randomized human trials plus rodent data SermorelinResearch compoundA synthetic peptide made of the first 29 amino acids of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also called GRF 1-29. It was once an FDA-approved drug; most published research dates from the 1980s to 2000s, including small human trials in older adults and rat studies of the GHRH(1-29) fragment.Older human trials and rat studies; reviews TesamorelinFDA-approved drugIn stockTesamorelin is a synthetic analog of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It has been studied in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials published in peer-reviewed journals.Peer-reviewed randomized human trials Elamipretide (SS-31)FDA-approved drugIn stockElamipretide (SS-31) is a synthetic, cell-permeable tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has a large preclinical literature and has been studied in multiple human clinical trials.Human trials plus extensive animal and cell work EpitalonResearch compoundIn stockEpitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide designed from the amino acid composition of epithalamin, a bovine pineal gland extract. Most research comes from cell and animal studies, much of it from a small number of laboratories.Mostly cell and animal studies FOXO4-DRIResearch compoundIn stockA synthetic peptide built from part of the FOXO4 protein using D-amino acids in reversed order (D-retro-inverso), designed to interfere with the FOXO4-p53 interaction. Research is limited to cell and mouse studies; no human trials have been reported.Mouse and cell studies only GlutathioneResearch compoundGlutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide (glutamate, cysteine, glycine) made in all eukaryotic cells and the main intracellular redox buffer. Research includes small human supplementation trials, a 2025 meta-analysis, and animal and cell studies.Small human trials plus animal and cell studies HumaninResearch compoundHumanin is a 24-amino-acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome, first identified in 2001. Research is mostly cell and rodent work, often using the more potent analog HNG (S14G).Mostly rodent and cell studies NAD+Research compoundIn stockNAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in every living cell. NAD+ biology is heavily researched, but most human studies raise NAD+ with precursors such as NR or NMN; studies of NAD+ itself in humans are small.Small human pilot studies; biology well studied CerebrolysinResearch compoundCerebrolysin is a peptide preparation made by enzymatic breakdown of porcine brain protein, consisting of roughly 25% low-molecular-weight peptides and 75% free amino acids. It has decades of animal, cell and human research, with mixed conclusions across clinical reviews.Human trials and cohorts plus rodent and cell studies; mixed reviews DihexaResearch compoundDihexa (PNB-0408) is a small, chemically modified analog of angiotensin IV developed by academic researchers at Washington State University. All published research is preclinical, and key early papers carry a journal expression of concern.Rodent and cell studies only DSIPResearch compoundIn stockDelta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a short neuropeptide first described in the 1970s. Research consists of small, older human sleep-laboratory studies and a modest number of rodent studies; its mechanism remains unresolved.Small older human studies plus rodent work OxytocinFDA-approved drugIn stockOxytocin is a naturally occurring nine-amino-acid peptide hormone made in the hypothalamus. It is one of the most studied neuropeptides, with a large body of animal research and many human trials.Human trials plus extensive animal work SelankResearch compoundIn stockSelank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the naturally occurring peptide tuftsin. Published research is mainly rodent and cell work from Russian laboratories; no peer-reviewed human trials were verified for this page.Mostly rodent and cell studies SemaxResearch compoundIn stockSemax is a synthetic heptapeptide built from the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended with Pro-Gly-Pro. Published research is mostly rat and mouse work from a small group of Russian laboratories; no peer-reviewed human trials were verified for this page.Mostly rat and mouse studies Acetyl hexapeptide-8Cosmetic ingredientAcetyl hexapeptide-8 (Argireline; earlier INCI name acetyl hexapeptide-3) is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide modeled on the N-terminal end of the SNAP-25 protein and used as a cosmetic ingredient. Research includes lab studies, several small human cosmetic studies and a 2025 systematic review.Small human cosmetic studies plus lab work Acetyl octapeptide-3Cosmetic ingredientAcetyl octapeptide-3 (SNAP-8) is a synthetic eight-amino-acid peptide, an extended version of acetyl hexapeptide-8, modeled on the SNAP-25 protein and used as a cosmetic ingredient. Independent peer-reviewed research is very limited; most performance data come from the ingredient supplier.One lab formulation study plus reviews; no independent human studies found Acetyl tetrapeptide-5Cosmetic ingredientAcetyl tetrapeptide-5 (trade name Eyeseryl) is a synthetic, acetylated four-amino-acid peptide used as a cosmetic ingredient for the eye-contour area. Published research is sparse and limited to cell and chemistry studies.A few cell and chemistry studies; no published controlled human trials found CarnosineCosmetic ingredientCarnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring dipeptide found in muscle and other tissues, used in cosmetics. Skin research consists mainly of ex vivo human skin and cell studies of glycation and oxidative markers.Ex vivo human skin and cell studies Dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetateCosmetic ingredientDipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate (trade name SYN-AKE) is a synthetic small peptide modeled on waglerin-1, a component of temple viper venom, and used as a cosmetic ingredient. Independent research is limited to a few lab studies, an abstract, and one multi-ingredient cosmetic study.Lab studies plus one uncontrolled multi-ingredient cosmetic study GHK-CuResearch compoundIn stockGHK-Cu is the copper complex of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, a tripeptide found naturally in human plasma, saliva and urine. Research includes rodent, cell and skin-permeation studies plus several reviews.Mostly rodent, cell and lab skin studies Hexapeptide-9Cosmetic ingredientHexapeptide-9 is a synthetic six-amino-acid peptide built from repeating sequences found in collagen, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Published research is thin; the main peer-reviewed human study tested a cyclized (modified) version.One randomized cosmetic trial (cyclized form); otherwise reviews Nonapeptide-1Cosmetic ingredientNonapeptide-1 is a synthetic nine-amino-acid peptide used as a cosmetic ingredient and described as an antagonist of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). Independent peer-reviewed research on the ingredient itself is very limited.Receptor background research; little compound-specific published data Oligopeptide-1Cosmetic ingredientsh-Oligopeptide-1 is the cosmetic (INCI) name for recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF), a 53-amino-acid signaling protein. Topical cosmetic research is mostly small human studies of varying quality plus recent animal and lab work.Small cosmetic human studies, mouse and lab data; quality questioned in a 2023 review Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12Cosmetic ingredientPalmitoyl hexapeptide-12 is the elastin-derived sequence Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG) attached to a palmitic acid chain, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Research includes ex vivo human skin work on the palmitoylated form and older cell studies of the unmodified VGVAPG sequence.Ex vivo skin and cell studies; safety review Palmitoyl pentapeptide-4Cosmetic ingredientPalmitoyl pentapeptide-4 (Pal-KTTKS, trade name Matrixyl) is a synthetic lipid-linked fragment of type I procollagen used as a cosmetic ingredient. Research consists of cell studies and a handful of small cosmetic trials.Small cosmetic trials plus cell studies Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7Cosmetic ingredientPalmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR, trade name Rigin) is a synthetic lipid-linked tetrapeptide based on a fragment of immunoglobulin G, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Peer-reviewed data are sparse and mostly come from reviews and combination products.Mostly supplier data summarized in reviews Palmitoyl tripeptide-1Cosmetic ingredientPalmitoyl tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK) is a lipid-linked form of the GHK tripeptide, used as a cosmetic ingredient alone or with palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7. Evidence is limited to lab work, skin-delivery studies and small supplier-run trials summarized in reviews.Lab and skin-delivery studies; small cosmetic trials Palmitoyl tripeptide-38Cosmetic ingredientPalmitoyl tripeptide-38 (Pal-KMK, trade name Matrixyl synthe'6) is a synthetic lipid-linked tripeptide based on a sequence found in collagen VI and laminin, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Published human data come only from multi-ingredient products.Multi-ingredient cosmetic studies; mechanism from supplier data Pentapeptide-18Cosmetic ingredientPentapeptide-18 (trade name Leuphasyl) is a synthetic five-amino-acid peptide modeled on enkephalins, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Research consists of a few small cosmetic studies and reviews.Small uncontrolled or vehicle-compared cosmetic studies Tripeptide-10 citrullineCosmetic ingredientTripeptide-10 citrulline (trade name Decorinyl) is a synthetic short peptide designed to mimic the collagen-binding region of decorin, used as a cosmetic ingredient. Research consists of in-vitro collagen-fiber work and small cosmetic trials.In-vitro collagen-fiber work and small cosmetic trials GonadorelinResearch compoundGonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide with the same amino acid sequence as natural gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It has a long research record, mostly in cattle reproduction studies and human pituitary-function research.Large cattle studies; human data mostly small or retrospective Kisspeptin-10Research compoundKisspeptin-10 is the shortest active fragment (10 amino acids) of kisspeptin, a hypothalamic peptide that signals through the KISS1R (GPR54) receptor. It has been studied in cell assays, rodents and small human physiology studies.Small human physiology studies plus rodent and cell work LL-37Research compoundLL-37 is a 37-amino-acid peptide and the only member of the cathelicidin antimicrobial-peptide family made by humans. Research includes extensive cell and biophysical work, mouse studies and a few small human trials.Mostly lab and mouse studies; small human trials Melanotan I (Afamelanotide)FDA-approved drugMelanotan I (afamelanotide) is a synthetic 13-amino-acid analog of the natural hormone alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It has a substantial research record, including phase 3 human trials, regulatory review, and ongoing animal and lab work.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data Melanotan IIResearch compoundMelanotan II is a synthetic, cyclic peptide derived from Melanotan I, itself an analog of the natural hormone α-MSH. It is used widely as a melanocortin-receptor tool compound in rodent research; controlled human trial data are not available in the sources reviewed.Mostly rodent and cell studies; human reports are case-level PT-141 (Bremelanotide)FDA-approved drugIn stockPT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that acts on melanocortin receptors. It has been studied in rodents and in two published Phase 3 human trials.Peer-reviewed phase 3 human data Thymosin alpha-1Research compoundThymosin alpha-1 (thymalfasin) is a small peptide first isolated from thymus tissue and now made synthetically. It has been studied in many human randomized trials, mostly in China and Europe, plus mouse and cell work on immune signaling.Human RCTs pooled in meta-analyses; mechanistic lab data ThymulinResearch compoundThymulin (serum thymic factor bound to zinc) is a nine-amino-acid peptide made by thymic epithelial cells that requires zinc for activity. Research is mostly older rodent and cell work, much of it from a few laboratories.Mostly mouse and rat studies; no human trials found